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GNDU Question Paper-2022

Ba/BSc 5

Semester

PUNJABI HISTORY & CULTURE

(From 1849-1947 A.D.)

Time Allowed: 3 Hrs. Maximum Marks: 50

Note: Attempt Five questions in all, selecting at least One question from each section. The

Fifth question may be attempted from any section.

SECTION-A

1. Discuss First Anglo Sikh War.

2. Explain the working of Board of Administration of the British Rule.

SECTION-B

3. Explain the British policy towards agriculture, trade and industry.

4. Explain the spread of modern education in Punjab.

SECTION-C

5. Discuss socio-religious reform movements with special reference to Arya Samaj's and

Singh Sabha's contribution to the society in Punjab.

6. Discuss the circumstances and consequences of Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy.

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SECTION-D

7. Write a detailed note on Gurudwara Reform Movement.

8. Discuss the Non-cooperation and Quit India Movement.

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GNDU Question Paper-2022

Ba/BSc 5

Semester

PUNJABI HISTORY & CULTURE

(From 1849-1947 A.D.)

Time Allowed: 3 Hrs. Maximum Marks: 50

Note: Attempt Five questions in all, selecting at least One question from each section. The

Fifth question may be attempted from any section.

SECTION-A

1. Discuss First Anglo Sikh War.

Ans: To provide an effective and simplified answer to your request on "Punjabi History &

Culture (From 1849-1947 A.D.)" for your BA/BSc 5th semester, I will cover significant

historical events and cultural changes during this period. Given the time frame, 1849 to

1947 marks British colonial rule in Punjab, several socio-religious movements, and the

struggle for Indian independence, all of which shaped Punjabi culture.

The British Annexation of Punjab (1849)

In 1849, after defeating the Sikh Empire in the Second Anglo-Sikh War, the British East India

Company annexed Punjab. This marked the end of the rule of the Sikh Empire under

Maharaja Ranjit Singh, who had built a strong, independent kingdom in the region before

his death in 1839. Post-annexation, Punjab became part of British India, and its

administration was directly under British control.

Changes in Administration and Society

The British introduced various administrative reforms to solidify their control. They

implemented land revenue systems and expanded railways and telegraph networks. The

British also focused on Western-style education, promoting English, which had a deep

cultural impact on the people of Punjab. However, the British rule also led to economic

exploitation, with high taxes, increased land commercialization, and the exploitation of

natural resources, leading to dissatisfaction among local farmers and landowners.

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Socio-Religious Reform Movements

The Singh Sabha Movement (Founded 1873)

One of the most significant socio-religious movements in Punjab during the colonial period

was the Singh Sabha Movement. It began as a response to the decline of Sikh religious

practices and aimed at reforming Sikhism by removing superstitious practices and

revitalizing the faith. The movement worked towards promoting Sikh education and

publishing literature in Punjabi, which eventually contributed to the religious and cultural

revival of Sikh identity.

Arya Samaj (Founded 1877 in Punjab)

The Arya Samaj, founded by Swami Dayanand Saraswati, also gained popularity in Punjab.

This Hindu reform movement emphasized returning to the teachings of the Vedas,

promoting education, social equality, and the abolition of caste discrimination. The

movement played a crucial role in religious and social reform, attracting many Punjabis who

sought to break free from orthodox rituals.

Both the Arya Samaj and Singh Sabha Movements became key players in shaping the social

and religious fabric of Punjab. They encouraged a cultural revival and raised awareness

about identity, leading to greater participation in nationalist activities.

The Gurdwara Reform Movement (1920-25)

The Gurdwara Reform Movement, also known as the Akali Movement, emerged in the early

1920s to address the corruption and mismanagement of Sikh Gurdwaras (places of

worship), which had fallen under the control of hereditary custodians called Mahants. The

Mahants were often accused of misusing Gurdwara funds and allowing practices

inconsistent with Sikh values.

The movement aimed to return control of the Gurdwaras to the Sikh community, and the

Akali Dal, a political party, played a vital role in organizing protests and demanding reforms.

After years of struggle, the British government passed the Sikh Gurdwaras Act of 1925,

which allowed the community to take back control of their religious institutions. This

movement played a crucial role in fostering Sikh identity and unity during a time of political

upheaval.

Role of Punjab in the Indian Freedom Struggle

Punjab played a significant role in India's struggle for independence from British rule.

Several movements and uprisings in Punjab were crucial in shaping the larger national

struggle for freedom.

The Revolt of 1857

Although the Revolt of 1857 had limited impact in Punjab due to the strong presence of the

British army and a lack of unity among local rulers, it did stir nationalist sentiments. Many

Punjabi soldiers served in the British army, but over time, they too began to question British

authority and exploitation.

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The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (1919)

One of the most tragic and significant events in the Indian freedom struggle took place in

Punjab – the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre. On April 13, 1919, British troops, under the

command of General Dyer, opened fire on a peaceful gathering of unarmed men, women,

and children in Amritsar, killing hundreds. This brutal massacre shocked the nation and

intensified the demand for freedom. It galvanized the people of Punjab and India to support

the cause of Indian independence.

The Ghadar Movement (1913)

The Ghadar Movement, led by expatriate Punjabis in the United States and Canada, aimed

to overthrow British rule through armed revolt. Many Punjabis were living abroad during

this period, especially in North America, where they faced discrimination. The Ghadar Party,

founded in 1913, sought to raise awareness among Indian soldiers and laborers abroad,

calling for an armed rebellion against British rule. Although the movement did not achieve

its immediate goal, it ignited a spirit of rebellion in Punjab and inspired future generations

of freedom fighters.

The Non-Cooperation and Quit India Movements

Punjab also played a significant role in the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922) and the

Quit India Movement (1942). During the Non-Cooperation Movement, many Punjabis

boycotted British goods, schools, and government services. The Quit India Movement,

launched by Mahatma Gandhi, further intensified the nationalist struggle, with many

leaders from Punjab participating in protests and facing imprisonment.

Partition of India (1947) and the Division of Punjab

The most critical event in Punjabi history during this period was the Partition of India in

1947, which led to the creation of India and Pakistan. Punjab was divided into two parts –

East Punjab went to India, and West Punjab became part of Pakistan. The partition caused

one of the largest and most violent migrations in history, as millions of Hindus, Sikhs, and

Muslims were forced to migrate to the newly created nations. The communal violence that

accompanied the partition resulted in widespread loss of life and property, deeply scarring

the social fabric of the region.

Impact on Punjabi Culture

Partition had a profound impact on Punjabi culture, as families, traditions, and communities

were disrupted. The Punjabi language, once a unifying factor, was now divided by national

boundaries, with Gurmukhi script becoming associated with East Punjab (India) and

Shahmukhi script with West Punjab (Pakistan). The shared cultural practices, songs, and

stories that had once united the people of Punjab were now influenced by the divergent

national identities of India and Pakistan.

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Cultural Legacy and Influence

Despite the political turmoil, Punjab retained its rich cultural heritage. The region's

contribution to art, music, and literature remained influential. The Punjabi language

flourished, and many literary figures like Bhai Vir Singh and Amrita Pritam continued to

contribute to Punjabi literature, reflecting the pain of partition, the glory of its past, and

hopes for the future.

Folk music, such as Bhangra and Giddha, became expressions of Punjabi identity and

resilience. The spiritual and religious practices of the Sikhs, Hindus, and Muslims were

deeply ingrained in the region’s cultural fabric.

Conclusion

The history and culture of Punjab from 1849 to 1947 is marked by political struggles, socio-

religious reform movements, and a deep connection to the Indian freedom struggle. The

annexation by the British, followed by reform movements like the Singh Sabha and Arya

Samaj, played a major role in shaping the identity of Punjab. Punjab's role in the Indian

freedom movement, especially the sacrifices made during the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre

and the Partition of India, left a lasting legacy. Despite the challenges and upheavals, the

resilience of Punjabi culture has continued to thrive, blending tradition with modernity.

2. Explain the working of Board of Administration of the British Rule.

Ans: The Board of Administration was a governing body established by the British after the

Second Anglo-Sikh War, in 1849, to administer Punjab. The British had recently annexed

Punjab after the defeat of the Sikh Empire, and they needed an effective system of

governance to manage the region and stabilize it. The Board played a crucial role in

establishing British authority in Punjab and ensuring its integration into British India.

Background of the Board of Administration

After the annexation of Punjab in 1849, Lord Dalhousie, the Governor-General of India,

decided to set up a governing system that could maintain peace and order in the region, and

also implement British policies effectively. Punjab was an important territory for the British

due to its strategic location, bordering Afghanistan, and its fertile land, which was vital for

agricultural production.

To manage Punjab, the British set up the Board of Administration, consisting of three

experienced British officers: Sir Henry Lawrence, John Lawrence, and Charles Grenville

Mansel. These three men had significant military and administrative experience, and their

roles were critical in ensuring a smooth transition from the Sikh rule to British rule.

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Key Objectives of the Board of Administration

The primary objectives of the Board of Administration were:

1. Maintain Law and Order: The first priority was to stabilize the region, which had

been war-torn during the Anglo-Sikh wars.

2. Establish a Revenue System: The British needed to introduce a new revenue system

to collect taxes and manage the vast agricultural lands of Punjab efficiently.

3. Infrastructure Development: Improving roads, irrigation systems, and

communication networks were important to connect the region with other parts of

British India.

4. Military Recruitment: Punjab became a key recruitment area for the British army.

The British wanted to tap into the martial traditions of the region and build a loyal

army.

5. Social Reforms: The British also intended to introduce various social reforms, such as

curbing practices like infanticide and improving the condition of women.

Structure and Roles within the Board

• Sir Henry Lawrence was appointed the head of the Board, being the senior-most

official. His role was to maintain political stability and control over the local elites,

especially the Sikh aristocracy. Henry Lawrence believed in working with the local

rulers and maintaining their loyalty by granting them privileges.

• John Lawrence, Henry’s younger brother, was given the responsibility of managing

the financial aspects and revenue administration. John was known for his efficient

and strict management style and believed in reducing the powers of the local elite to

ensure the British had full control over the region.

• Charles Grenville Mansel played a less prominent role compared to the Lawrence

brothers but was involved in handling military and administrative matters, especially

the management of the police force and maintaining law and order in rural areas.

Working of the Board

The Board of Administration focused on multiple areas to ensure smooth governance:

1. Law and Order:

o One of the major challenges was to pacify the region, which had been in

turmoil due to the wars. The Board worked on establishing a strong police

force and a system of justice that was acceptable to the local population.

British law was gradually introduced, but they also retained some aspects of

the previous legal systems to avoid upsetting the local population.

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o They also reduced the influence of local chieftains and landlords who might

oppose British rule, ensuring that law enforcement was firmly in British

hands.

2. Revenue and Land Administration:

o John Lawrence’s main responsibility was to overhaul the land revenue

system. The Board introduced a system where taxes were collected based on

the value of the land, which was determined by its agricultural productivity.

This system was more systematic and organized compared to the older

systems in place during the Sikh Empire.

o The British also undertook large-scale land surveys to map out the land and

understand its potential. This allowed them to better manage agricultural

production and tax collection.

3. Canal and Irrigation Development:

o One of the Board’s most significant contributions was the development of

irrigation systems. Punjab’s agriculture was largely dependent on canal

irrigation, and the British saw an opportunity to expand this network to

increase agricultural production. The Bari Doab Canal was one of the major

irrigation projects initiated by the Board.

o By expanding irrigation, the British were able to increase crop yields,

especially of cash crops like wheat and cotton, which were vital for British

trade.

4. Military and Recruitment:

o Punjab’s population, especially the Sikh community, had a strong martial

tradition. The British capitalized on this by recruiting heavily from the region

for their army. The Punjab province became one of the key sources of

manpower for the British Indian Army.

o The British encouraged loyalty among the soldiers by offering them

privileges, including land grants. This ensured that Punjab remained a stable

and loyal region for military recruitment, which was crucial for British

imperial interests.

5. Social Reforms:

o The Board introduced various social reforms aimed at curbing practices that

the British saw as backward or harmful. For instance, they sought to reduce

female infanticide, which was prevalent in some communities.

o The British also tried to improve the status of women through education and

legal reforms. They introduced laws to prevent child marriage and promoted

widow remarriage, though these reforms were met with limited success

during this period.

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Successes and Limitations of the Board

The Board of Administration achieved significant successes in stabilizing Punjab and

integrating it into British India. The law and order situation improved considerably, and the

region became one of the most loyal provinces of the British Empire. The development of

infrastructure, especially irrigation, boosted agricultural production and increased the

region’s economic output.

However, there were also limitations:

• Conflicts within the Board: There were disagreements between the Lawrence

brothers. Sir Henry Lawrence wanted to maintain a conciliatory approach toward the

Sikh aristocracy, while John Lawrence believed in direct British control with less

reliance on the local elites. These conflicts eventually led to the dissolution of the

Board in 1853.

• Exploitation of Resources: While the British brought in modern infrastructure, much

of it was geared toward the extraction of resources for the benefit of the British

Empire. Local populations often faced heavy taxation and exploitation, which led to

resentment over time.

Dissolution of the Board

In 1853, the Board of Administration was dissolved, and Punjab came under the direct

control of John Lawrence, who was appointed as the Chief Commissioner of Punjab. This

change marked the end of the more collaborative approach advocated by Sir Henry

Lawrence and the beginning of a more centralized and authoritarian form of British rule in

Punjab.

Conclusion

The Board of Administration played a critical role in shaping the early years of British rule in

Punjab. It established the framework for governance, introduced crucial infrastructure

projects like irrigation, and ensured that the region became a loyal part of the British

Empire. While the Board was short-lived due to internal conflicts, its legacy, especially in

terms of land revenue systems and infrastructure development, had a lasting impact on

Punjab’s integration into British India.

SECTION-B

3. Explain the British policy towards agriculture, trade and industry.

Ans: The British policy towards agriculture, trade, and industry in Punjab (from 1849 to

1947) played a significant role in shaping the economic landscape of the region.

Understanding these policies helps to grasp how British rule influenced Punjab’s

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development, economy, and society. Here’s a simplified explanation of British policies in

these areas:

1. British Policy Towards Agriculture in Punjab

Agriculture was the backbone of Punjab’s economy, and the British administration focused

on maximizing revenue from agricultural production. Some of the key agricultural policies

were:

a. Land Revenue System

The British introduced various land revenue systems in different parts of India, including

Punjab. The primary aim was to extract as much revenue as possible. The most prominent

system in Punjab was the Zamindari System, where the British collected taxes directly from

large landowners (zamindars), who, in turn, collected rent from the farmers. This system

was designed to ensure a steady flow of income to the British government but often placed

a heavy burden on the farmers.

• Increased Taxes: Farmers had to pay high taxes even if the crops failed, which led to

widespread poverty and indebtedness.

• No Ownership for Farmers: The farmers who worked the land did not own it, which

limited their ability to improve agricultural practices or invest in better equipment.

b. Canal Irrigation

One positive aspect of British agricultural policy was the development of a comprehensive

canal irrigation system. The British constructed large-scale canal networks, such as the Bari

Doab Canal and the Sirhind Canal, which transformed Punjab’s dry lands into fertile

agricultural zones.

• Increased Agricultural Production: These irrigation projects made Punjab one of the

most agriculturally productive regions in India. Crops like wheat, cotton, and

sugarcane were grown in large quantities.

• Control over Water Resources: However, the British controlled the water

distribution, and their focus was on growing cash crops that were beneficial to the

British economy, often at the expense of local food crops.

c. Promotion of Cash Crops

The British promoted the cultivation of cash crops like indigo, cotton, and opium in Punjab.

These crops were exported to Britain to supply raw materials for British industries.

• Impact on Food Security: While this policy helped British industries, it negatively

impacted food security in Punjab. Less land was used to grow food crops like wheat

and rice, which led to food shortages during times of crisis.

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2. British Policy Towards Trade in Punjab

British trade policies were designed to benefit their own economy while using Indian

resources, including those from Punjab.

a. Monopoly on Trade

The British established a monopoly on the trade of several commodities. For example, they

controlled the trade of indigo, opium, and cotton through strict regulations and high taxes

on Indian traders. This meant that local traders had limited freedom to engage in profitable

trade activities.

• Export of Raw Materials: The British ensured that Punjab primarily exported raw

materials like cotton and wheat, while British-manufactured goods were imported

into India. This created an economic imbalance as Punjab was exporting valuable

resources but importing expensive finished goods from Britain.

• Hindrance to Local Traders: The British often gave preferential treatment to British

companies and traders, which put local Punjabi traders at a disadvantage. Many local

traders and merchants were pushed out of the market due to heavy taxes and

restrictions.

b. Railways and Transport

The British introduced railways in Punjab to facilitate trade and the transportation of goods.

Railways made it easier to transport raw materials from Punjab to British factories in ports

like Bombay and Calcutta.

• Improved Infrastructure: While the introduction of railways did improve transport

infrastructure in Punjab, the primary motive behind it was to serve British trade

interests.

• Faster Export: Railways helped in faster movement of goods like cotton, wheat, and

indigo to the ports for export to Britain. This boosted British profits but didn’t

necessarily benefit the local economy.

c. Decline of Traditional Handicrafts

The influx of British manufactured goods into India had a devastating impact on local

handicrafts and cottage industries in Punjab. For example:

• Cheap British Goods: British-made products, especially textiles, were sold at much

lower prices, which undercut the local craftsmen and artisans.

• Loss of Livelihoods: Many skilled workers in Punjab, especially those involved in

textiles and other crafts, lost their jobs and were forced to turn to agriculture or

other menial labor to survive.

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3. British Policy Towards Industry in Punjab

During British rule, the focus in Punjab, as in the rest of India, was on keeping the region as a

supplier of raw materials, rather than developing industries that could compete with British

factories.

a. Limited Industrial Development

The British did not encourage large-scale industrialization in Punjab or other parts of India.

Instead, they wanted to keep India as an agrarian economy that supplied raw materials for

British industries.

• Raw Material Supplier: Punjab was used primarily as a supplier of raw materials like

cotton, wheat, and indigo. These were exported to Britain, where they were

processed into finished goods. The finished products were then sold back in the

Indian market at a higher price, creating a dependency on British goods.

• Small-Scale Industries: Small industries like flour mills and cotton ginning factories

were set up, but they were primarily geared towards processing raw materials for

export rather than developing local industrial capabilities.

b. Textile Industry

The decline of the local textile industry was a significant result of British policies. British-

manufactured textiles flooded the Indian market, leading to the collapse of traditional

Punjabi weaving and spinning industries.

• Import of British Textiles: British textiles, produced using modern machinery, were

much cheaper than locally made products. This led to the closure of many local

textile businesses.

• Shift to Agriculture: As industrial jobs became scarce, many people were forced to

move back to agriculture, often working as laborers on land owned by zamindars or

the British.

c. Industrial Discrimination

The British government did not encourage the growth of industries in Punjab, as it feared

that industrial development in India would reduce British control over the economy. As a

result, industrial growth in Punjab remained limited to sectors that supported British

interests, such as processing raw materials for export.

• Lack of Investment: There was a deliberate lack of investment in industries that

could compete with British products. The British restricted the development of

industries that produced finished goods like textiles or metal products.

• Colonial Exploitation: Punjab’s economy remained largely dependent on agriculture

and raw material production, while Britain reaped the benefits of industrial

development.

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4. Impact of British Policies on Punjab

The overall impact of British policies on agriculture, trade, and industry in Punjab was a mix

of development and exploitation.

• Economic Drain: The British systematically drained wealth from Punjab by extracting

raw materials and imposing high taxes on local farmers and traders. The profits from

Punjab’s agricultural and raw materials exports were mostly funneled to Britain.

• Famine and Poverty: The focus on cash crops and the heavy tax burden led to

widespread poverty among farmers. Famines became more frequent as less land

was used for growing food crops.

• Limited Industrial Growth: While the British improved infrastructure like railways

and canals, they stifled the growth of local industries. Punjab was kept dependent on

Britain for manufactured goods, while its own industries remained underdeveloped.

Conclusion

In summary, the British policies towards agriculture, trade, and industry in Punjab were

designed to serve British economic interests. While the development of infrastructure like

railways and irrigation systems helped increase agricultural production, the overall

economic impact on Punjab was negative. Farmers and local traders suffered due to high

taxes and restrictive trade policies, while industrial development was deliberately stunted to

maintain British dominance. The long-term consequences of these policies contributed to

economic instability and social unrest in the region.

4. Explain the spread of modern education in Punjab.

Ans: The spread of modern education in Punjab during British rule (1849-1947) is an

important topic in the history of the region. British officials, Christian missionaries, and

Indian reformers all played a role in bringing Western-style education to Punjab. However,

this process was slow, as traditional systems of learning were deeply entrenched in the

society. Here's a simplified yet detailed explanation of the spread of modern education in

Punjab during this period.

Early Traditional Education in Punjab

Before the British established their control over Punjab in 1849, education was mainly based

on religious teachings. Schools, called pathshalas or maktabs, were run by Hindu, Sikh, and

Muslim religious institutions. They focused on imparting religious education and basic

knowledge like reading, writing, and arithmetic. Gurus, maulvis, and pandits were the

primary teachers in these institutions.

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However, this traditional system had limitations. It was mostly confined to the upper classes

and males. The focus was primarily on religious texts and did not prepare students for

professions beyond religion, like trade, administration, or science.

Introduction of British Rule and Missionary Influence

The British annexed Punjab in 1849 after the Second Anglo-Sikh War, and they soon realized

that education could be used as a tool to consolidate their rule. At the same time, Christian

missionaries began arriving in Punjab, eager to spread their religion and beliefs through

education. They set up schools that taught English, science, mathematics, and other modern

subjects alongside religious teachings. This approach marked a significant shift from the

traditional education system.

Role of Christian Missionaries:

• The American Presbyterian Mission in Ludhiana and the Church Missionary Society in

Amritsar were among the first to establish schools in the 1840s and 1850s.

• These schools were open to all, including women, which was revolutionary at the

time. Christian missionary schools became popular for offering free education, but

they also aimed at converting students to Christianity, which was met with

resistance from local communities.

British Educational Policies in Punjab

The British government in India made efforts to promote modern education across the

country, including Punjab. However, their policies were shaped by a desire to create an

educated class that would assist in the administration of British rule.

Wood’s Despatch (1854): One of the first major efforts to expand education in Punjab came

with the Wood’s Despatch of 1854. This policy emphasized the need to promote Western

education and create a class of educated Indians who would help the British govern the

region. Key aspects of Wood’s Despatch included:

• The establishment of universities and colleges across India.

• A focus on Western science, literature, and technology, rather than purely religious

education.

• Encouragement of education in the vernacular languages, making modern

knowledge accessible to more people.

• Government-aided schools to spread education beyond the elite class.

In Punjab, this policy led to the opening of government schools, teacher-training colleges,

and eventually the University of Punjab (now Panjab University) in Lahore in 1882.

Establishment of the University of Punjab (1882)

One of the most significant milestones in the spread of modern education in Punjab was the

founding of the University of Punjab in Lahore in 1882. It became the premier institution of

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higher education in the province and was responsible for governing and overseeing many

colleges and schools across Punjab.

The university provided courses in a variety of disciplines, including humanities, sciences,

and law, preparing students for professional careers. English became the medium of

instruction in most of the colleges, which led to the rise of an educated middle class

proficient in English.

Impact on Society:

• The university became a center for intellectual activity and debate.

• It produced a generation of educated Punjabis who would later play key roles in the

Indian independence movement.

• Women’s education also saw progress, although it was slower and mainly confined

to urban areas.

Growth of Colleges and Schools

From the mid-19th century onward, several colleges and schools were established across

Punjab, many of which continue to be prestigious institutions today.

Government College, Lahore:

• Founded in 1864, Government College (now Government College University, Lahore)

was one of the first major colleges established in Punjab. It offered courses in

science, arts, and humanities, and played a significant role in educating the region’s

future leaders and professionals.

Forman Christian College (1864):

• Another significant institution, Forman Christian College, was established by

American missionaries in Lahore. It provided a liberal arts education and was known

for producing many notable alumni who contributed to the social, political, and

intellectual life of Punjab.

Other Colleges and Schools:

• Over time, other educational institutions were set up, including Khalsa College in

Amritsar (1892), which was founded by Sikh leaders to provide modern education in

a way that preserved their religious and cultural identity.

• Aitchison College in Lahore, founded in 1886, was aimed at educating the children of

the elite and nobility of Punjab.

Women’s Education

Modern education for women in Punjab made slow but steady progress. Christian

missionaries were pioneers in this area, setting up schools for girls. However, traditional

Punjabi society was resistant to the idea of educating women, believing that their role was

primarily in the household.

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Notable Women’s Institutions:

• Kinnaird College for Women was established in Lahore in 1913 by Christian

missionaries and became a prominent institution for women’s education in Punjab.

• Lady Maclagan Training College was another early women’s institution, focusing on

training female teachers.

Although the progress of women’s education was slow compared to that of men, by the

early 20th century, women were increasingly attending schools and colleges, particularly in

urban areas.

Indian Reform Movements and Education

Parallel to British and missionary efforts, Indian reform movements also contributed to the

spread of modern education in Punjab. The Arya Samaj and Singh Sabha Movements played

vital roles in promoting education, particularly by establishing schools that combined

traditional Indian values with Western-style education.

Arya Samaj:

• Founded by Swami Dayanand Saraswati, the Arya Samaj was active in setting up

Dayanand Anglo-Vedic (DAV) schools and colleges. These institutions provided

modern education while promoting Vedic culture and values. The first DAV College in

Punjab was established in Lahore in 1886.

Singh Sabha Movement:

• In the Sikh community, the Singh Sabha Movement worked to revive Sikh education

and promote the establishment of Khalsa Schools and Colleges. Khalsa College in

Amritsar, mentioned earlier, was the flagship institution of this movement.

Challenges and Resistance

The spread of modern education in Punjab faced several challenges:

• Cultural Resistance: Many conservative elements in Punjabi society opposed

modern education, especially for girls. They feared it would undermine traditional

values and religious beliefs.

• Financial Constraints: Many families could not afford to send their children to

school, especially since the British education system often charged fees, making

education a luxury for the poor.

• Rural-Urban Divide: Most educational institutions were located in cities, making it

difficult for rural populations to access modern education. This created a disparity

between urban and rural areas in terms of literacy and education levels.

Impact of Modern Education on Punjab

The spread of modern education had a profound impact on Punjab. By the early 20th

century, it had produced a new class of educated Punjabis who were well-versed in English

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and Western ideas. Many of them played significant roles in the freedom struggle, as well as

in the development of social, political, and economic reforms in Punjab.

Modern education also introduced new ideas about equality, democracy, and self-

governance, which fueled nationalist sentiments. Figures like Lala Lajpat Rai, who was a

product of the modern education system, became prominent leaders in the Indian

independence movement.

Conclusion

The spread of modern education in Punjab between 1849 and 1947 was a gradual process

that involved the efforts of the British, Christian missionaries, and Indian reformers. It

marked a significant departure from traditional systems of learning and introduced new

subjects and ideas that reshaped Punjabi society. Though it faced challenges, modern

education played a crucial role in preparing Punjab for the social and political

transformations that would come in the 20th century.

SECTION-C

5. Discuss socio-religious reform movements with special reference to Arya Samaj's and

Singh Sabha's contribution to the society in Punjab.

Ans: Socio-Religious Reform Movements in Punjab: Arya Samaj and Singh Sabha

Punjab during the late 19th and early 20th centuries experienced a wave of socio-religious

reform movements aimed at improving society. These movements emerged in response to

social evils, backward traditions, and the influence of British colonial rule. Two major reform

movements, Arya Samaj and Singh Sabha, played a crucial role in shaping the religious and

social landscape of Punjab. Let’s dive into how these movements contributed to the

betterment of society.

Socio-Religious Conditions in Punjab (Before Reform)

Before the emergence of Arya Samaj and Singh Sabha, the people of Punjab were deeply

influenced by outdated customs and traditions. These included:

1. Caste System: The rigid caste system dominated society, restricting interaction and

cooperation among different sections.

2. Superstitions: Superstitious beliefs and practices, such as idol worship, and

meaningless rituals, had a strong hold.

3. Women’s Status: Women were considered inferior. Practices like child marriage,

female infanticide, and purdah (veiling of women) were widespread. Women lacked

education and equal rights.

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4. Religious Influence: Many people were drifting away from the core values of their

religions due to practices that were often more about rituals than spirituality.

5. British Influence: The influence of Western education and Christianity led many

Indians to adopt foreign customs and values, threatening the indigenous culture and

identity.

To counter these challenges, reformers felt the need for movements that would bring about

change by addressing both social and religious issues.

The Arya Samaj Movement

Origin and Founding

The Arya Samaj was founded in 1875 by Swami Dayanand Saraswati, a Hindu reformer from

Gujarat, who was deeply influenced by the ancient Vedas. He saw the Vedas as the purest

form of knowledge and sought to return Hinduism to its original, Vedic roots, free from the

distortions of later traditions like idol worship and the caste system.

Key Ideals and Teachings of Arya Samaj

1. Return to Vedic Teachings: Arya Samaj emphasized a return to the original teachings

of the Vedas, which it regarded as the only source of true knowledge.

2. Opposition to Idol Worship: Swami Dayanand condemned idol worship, rituals, and

superstitions, as they were seen as corruptions of the original Vedic religion.

3. Social Equality: The Arya Samaj strongly opposed the caste system and

untouchability. It advocated for social equality, encouraging the idea that every

human being is equal in the eyes of God.

4. Education for All: The movement placed great emphasis on education, particularly

women’s education. Swami Dayanand believed that ignorance was the root of many

societal evils, and so Arya Samaj established schools and colleges to spread

knowledge.

5. Women's Rights: Arya Samaj supported widow remarriage, condemned child

marriage, and fought for women's rights, including their right to education.

6. Cow Protection: Arya Samaj also advocated for the protection of cows, which were

considered sacred in Hinduism.

7. Sanskrit and Hindi: The movement promoted the use of Sanskrit and Hindi as

national languages, seeing them as the carriers of India’s ancient wisdom and

culture.

Contributions to Punjab Society

• Educational Reforms: Arya Samaj established a network of educational institutions

across Punjab. Notable among them are the Dayanand Anglo-Vedic (DAV) schools

and colleges. These institutions aimed to provide a blend of traditional Indian

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learning with modern scientific education, producing leaders who were rooted in

Indian values but aware of Western advancements.

• Religious Awakening: Arya Samaj revived interest in the study of the Vedas and

urged people to practice a rational and ethical form of Hinduism.

• Social Reforms: Arya Samaj played a significant role in the abolition of

untouchability, the promotion of widow remarriage, and campaigns against child

marriage. It brought forward the idea that society should be based on merit rather

than birth.

• Nationalism: Although religious in origin, the Arya Samaj movement also contributed

to the growth of Indian nationalism. Many Arya Samaj members were involved in the

Indian freedom struggle.

The Arya Samaj created a wave of social and religious awakening in Punjab, promoting

rational thinking, education, and gender equality.

The Singh Sabha Movement

Background and Origin

The Singh Sabha movement was launched by Sikh leaders in Punjab in response to internal

issues in the Sikh community and external challenges posed by British missionaries and the

influence of the Arya Samaj, which was attracting some Sikhs towards its fold. The first Singh

Sabha was established in Amritsar in 1873 and a second one in Lahore in 1879.

Key Goals of Singh Sabha

1. Revival of Sikhism: The main objective of the Singh Sabha movement was to revive

the purity of Sikhism and remove superstitious practices that had crept into the

religion. It aimed to restore Sikhism to its original teachings based on the Guru

Granth Sahib.

2. Education and Learning: Like Arya Samaj, the Singh Sabha also focused on spreading

education. It established schools and colleges where Sikh history, language, and

traditions were taught alongside modern subjects.

3. Promoting Punjabi Language: The movement emphasized the use of the Punjabi

language and the Gurmukhi script, ensuring that Sikhs were connected to their

heritage.

4. Religious Literature: Singh Sabha contributed significantly to Sikh religious literature.

It published books and pamphlets to spread Sikh teachings and values. This helped

counteract the British missionary influence, which was trying to convert Sikhs to

Christianity.

5. Equality and Social Reforms: Like Arya Samaj, Singh Sabha worked to uplift the

status of women in society, promoted widow remarriage, and fought against caste

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distinctions. The movement believed in the fundamental Sikh principle that all

humans are equal before God, irrespective of caste or gender.

Contributions to Punjab Society

• Educational Institutions: Singh Sabha established schools and colleges that taught

not just modern subjects but also Sikh history and values. This helped in creating a

new generation of educated Sikhs who were aware of their religious identity and

heritage.

• Religious and Cultural Revival: The Singh Sabha movement ensured that Sikhism

remained a distinct religion with its own identity. By promoting the study of Sikh

scriptures and history, it reinforced a sense of pride in Sikh heritage.

• Social Reforms: Singh Sabha played a key role in improving the status of women in

Sikh society. It encouraged women's participation in religious and social affairs and

promoted the idea of gender equality.

• Political Awakening: The Singh Sabha movement also contributed to the political

awakening of the Sikh community. It encouraged Sikhs to become more politically

aware and to demand representation in government structures during British rule.

Comparison: Arya Samaj and Singh Sabha

While both Arya Samaj and Singh Sabha aimed at reforming society and religion in Punjab,

there were some key differences in their approach and focus:

1. Religious Focus: Arya Samaj focused on reforming Hinduism by returning to the

Vedic ideals, while Singh Sabha concentrated on preserving and reviving Sikhism.

2. Education: Both movements laid emphasis on education, but Arya Samaj was more

active in establishing schools and colleges that followed a blend of Western and

Indian education, while Singh Sabha focused more on Sikh education and history.

3. Caste System: Arya Samaj was more vocal in its opposition to the caste system,

whereas Singh Sabha, while promoting equality, primarily focused on preserving Sikh

identity.

4. Nationalism: Arya Samaj was more directly involved in the broader Indian nationalist

movement, whereas Singh Sabha was more focused on the interests of the Sikh

community but contributed indirectly to the nationalist cause by instilling pride and

awareness among Sikhs.

Conclusion

The socio-religious reform movements in Punjab, particularly Arya Samaj and Singh Sabha,

played an essential role in transforming society. Both movements addressed pressing issues

like social inequality, lack of education, and the decline in religious and moral values. Arya

Samaj’s emphasis on rationalism, social reform, and education uplifted large sections of

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society, while Singh Sabha’s efforts in preserving Sikh identity and promoting education

among Sikhs had a profound impact on Punjab's culture and society.

These movements left a lasting legacy, contributing to the social awakening of Punjab and

laying the foundation for a more equitable and progressive society.

6. Discuss the circumstances and consequences of Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy.

Ans: The Jallianwala Bagh tragedy, also known as the Amritsar Massacre, is one of the darkest

events in Indian history, particularly during the British rule. The incident occurred on April 13, 1919,

in Amritsar, Punjab, and had significant consequences on India's freedom struggle. Below is a

simplified yet detailed discussion of the circumstances that led to the tragedy, the event itself, and

its consequences.

Background: Circumstances Leading to the Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy

The early 20th century was a time of growing unrest in India, as Indians became increasingly

discontent with British colonial rule. Several factors contributed to the buildup of tension

before the Jallianwala Bagh incident:

1. Rowlatt Act of 1919

One of the main causes of anger among Indians was the Rowlatt Act, passed by the British

government in March 1919. The Rowlatt Act gave the British authorities the power to arrest

and imprison anyone suspected of anti-government activities without a trial. This act was

seen as highly repressive because it curtailed basic civil liberties like freedom of expression

and assembly. People felt betrayed because, after their support for the British during World

War I, they were expecting reforms and more autonomy, not more restrictions.

2. Impact of World War I

India played a crucial role in supporting Britain during World War I (1914-1918). Thousands

of Indian soldiers fought for the British, and the country supplied resources to aid the war

effort. After the war, Indians expected to be rewarded with greater political freedom and

reforms. However, the British failed to deliver on these expectations. Instead of loosening

their control, they tightened it, which led to widespread disillusionment and anger.

3. Protests in Punjab

Punjab was a hotbed of political activity during this period. Protests against the Rowlatt Act

had taken a particularly strong form here. Two prominent leaders of the Indian National

Congress, Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew and Dr. Satyapal, were leading peaceful demonstrations in

Amritsar. In response to the growing unrest, the British authorities arrested both leaders,

which further angered the local population.

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4. General Dyer's Role

At the time of the tragedy, Brigadier-General Reginald Edward Harry Dyer was in charge of

military operations in Amritsar. He believed that drastic action was needed to suppress the

rising unrest. On April 12, 1919, a public gathering was announced at Jallianwala Bagh, a

garden enclosed by high walls with narrow entrances. Many people gathered there,

unaware of the martial law that had been imposed in the city.

The Tragedy at Jallianwala Bagh

On April 13, 1919, thousands of people, including men, women, and children, gathered at

Jallianwala Bagh to celebrate the festival of Baisakhi. Some came to participate in the

peaceful protests against the Rowlatt Act, while others were there simply to enjoy the

holiday.

1. The Massacre

When General Dyer learned about the gathering, he arrived at the site with around 50

soldiers. Without giving any warning or asking the crowd to disperse, Dyer ordered his

troops to open fire on the unarmed crowd. The narrow exits of the garden were blocked by

Dyer’s troops, leaving the people trapped inside with no way to escape.

The firing continued for about 10 minutes, during which approximately 1,650 rounds were

fired. According to official British figures, 379 people were killed, but Indian estimates put

the number much higher, with over 1,000 dead and several thousand injured. Many people

jumped into a well inside the garden to escape the bullets, and hundreds of bodies were

later found there.

Consequences of the Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy

The massacre at Jallianwala Bagh had far-reaching consequences, both immediate and long-

term, and played a crucial role in shaping the future of India’s struggle for independence.

1. Nationwide Anger and Protests

News of the massacre spread quickly across India, and it led to an outpouring of anger and

grief. People from all walks of life condemned the brutal actions of General Dyer and the

British government. Protests erupted across the country, and the event became a rallying

point for those who sought to end British rule in India.

2. Formation of the Hunter Commission

In response to the widespread outrage, the British government set up an investigative

committee known as the Hunter Commission to look into the incident. While the

commission criticized General Dyer’s actions, it did not hold him fully accountable for his

crimes. This caused even more dissatisfaction among Indians, who felt that the British were

unwilling to take responsibility for their actions.

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3. General Dyer’s Fate

Although General Dyer was removed from his position and his actions were condemned by

some British officials, he was seen as a hero by many in Britain. He was never formally

punished for the massacre, and even received a large pension after his retirement. His lack

of accountability further fueled Indian resentment against the British Empire.

4. Rise of Nationalism

The Jallianwala Bagh massacre marked a turning point in the Indian independence

movement. It led to a dramatic shift in public opinion and intensified demands for complete

independence from British rule. Many moderates, who had previously been willing to work

with the British for reforms, turned into staunch supporters of complete freedom after this

event.

5. Mahatma Gandhi’s Non-Cooperation Movement

The massacre deeply affected Mahatma Gandhi, who was initially an advocate of

cooperation with the British for gradual reforms. After the Jallianwala Bagh incident, Gandhi

launched the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1920. This movement called for a boycott of

British goods, institutions, and services. It was the beginning of large-scale civil disobedience

and nonviolent protests that aimed at weakening British rule in India.

6. Impact on British-Indian Relations

The Jallianwala Bagh massacre severely damaged relations between the British and the

Indian people. It exposed the brutal nature of British colonialism and made it clear that the

British would resort to violence to maintain control over India. The incident destroyed any

remaining trust between the two, making reconciliation impossible. From this point

forward, the Indian freedom movement took on a more radical and determined tone.

7. Legacy of Jallianwala Bagh

Jallianwala Bagh is now a national symbol of the sacrifices made by Indians in their struggle

for freedom. The site of the massacre has been preserved as a memorial, and every year,

people visit the garden to pay their respects to those who lost their lives. The event is

remembered as a turning point in India's fight for independence and serves as a reminder of

the brutality of colonialism.

Conclusion

The Jallianwala Bagh tragedy was a watershed moment in Indian history, marking the

beginning of the end of British rule. The circumstances leading to the massacre — the

Rowlatt Act, discontent in Punjab, and General Dyer’s authoritarian mindset — culminated

in one of the most brutal actions taken by the British against Indians. The consequences

were profound: it united Indians in their quest for independence, gave momentum to the

freedom struggle, and left an indelible scar on India’s colonial history. The incident remains

a symbol of resistance and courage in the face of tyranny and is remembered as a pivotal

event in the fight for India’s freedom.

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SECTION-D

7. Write a detailed note on Gurudwara Reform Movement.

Ans: The Gurudwara Reform Movement (1919-1925) was a significant socio-religious

movement in Punjab aimed at liberating Sikh gurdwaras (religious shrines) from the control

of corrupt priests, known as mahants, who had taken over many of these sacred places

during British rule. The movement marked a major chapter in the Sikh community's history

and was instrumental in restoring the religious sanctity of gurdwaras, empowering the Sikh

community politically, and reinforcing their religious identity.

Background of the Gurudwara Reform Movement

Before the British annexation of Punjab in 1849, Sikh gurdwaras were managed by the Sikh

community itself under the guidance of the Udasi sect, who were responsible for

maintaining these religious sites. However, after British rule was established, the British

authorities granted control of the gurdwaras to these Udasi priests, who often did not

follow Sikh practices strictly. Over time, these priests, known as mahants, began to misuse

their authority.

Many of the mahants were accused of neglecting Sikh traditions and indulging in corrupt

practices like allowing inappropriate rituals, consuming alcohol, and keeping temples in

poor condition. They also collaborated with the British government, which further alienated

the Sikh community from their sacred places. This misuse of religious sites deeply hurt the

Sikh sentiments, leading to widespread dissatisfaction among the community. This laid the

foundation for the Gurudwara Reform Movement.

Reasons for the Gurudwara Reform Movement

The primary reasons for the rise of the Gurudwara Reform Movement include:

1. Corruption of Mahants: The mahants were seen as morally corrupt and incompetent

in managing the gurdwaras. They would often misappropriate the offerings made by

devotees for personal gain.

2. British Interference: The British administration did not interfere in the internal

religious matters of Sikhs but allowed the mahants to remain in charge of gurdwaras.

Many of these priests openly collaborated with the British, creating a sense of

betrayal among Sikhs.

3. Loss of Religious Sanctity: Sikh devotees felt that the religious sanctity of their

gurdwaras had been compromised by the behavior of the mahants, which was not in

line with Sikh teachings.

4. Sikh Identity and Revival: The early 20th century saw a revival of Sikh identity and

culture. The community became more conscious of their distinct religious identity,

and the management of gurdwaras became a critical issue in maintaining this

identity.

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Early Stages of the Movement

The movement gained momentum in 1919, after the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, where

hundreds of peaceful protestors were killed by British troops. This event shocked the entire

nation and further fueled anti-British sentiments. Many Sikhs, already disillusioned by

British policies, began to actively engage in movements for religious and political reforms.

In 1920, Sikh reformers founded the Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee (SGPC), a

central organization responsible for managing gurdwaras. This marked the formal beginning

of the Gurudwara Reform Movement. The SGPC aimed to take control of gurdwaras from

corrupt mahants and manage them according to Sikh principles.

Key Events in the Movement

Several important events during the Gurudwara Reform Movement highlight its significance

in Sikh history:

1. Nankana Sahib Tragedy (1921): One of the most tragic incidents during the

movement occurred at Nankana Sahib, the birthplace of Guru Nanak, in 1921. The

mahant of this gurdwara, Mahant Narayan Das, was notorious for his immoral

behavior. On February 20, 1921, when a group of Sikh reformers peacefully

attempted to take control of the gurdwara, they were brutally attacked by the

mahant and his hired goons. Over 100 Sikhs were killed in the massacre. This

incident shocked the Sikh community and intensified their resolve to free their

gurdwaras from corrupt priests.

2. Guru Ka Bagh Morcha (1922): Another significant event in the movement was the

Guru Ka Bagh Morcha, which took place in 1922. The dispute arose over the

possession of a small piece of land attached to a gurdwara at Guru Ka Bagh. When

the Sikh community tried to take control of the land, they were met with brutal

police violence, including beatings and arrests. Despite this, the Sikhs continued their

non-violent protests, drawing attention to their cause both within India and

internationally.

3. Jaito Morcha (1923-1925): The Jaito Morcha was another important agitation in

which Sikhs protested against the British administration’s interference in religious

affairs. In 1923, the Maharaja of Nabha, a Sikh ruler, was removed by the British.

Sikhs considered this an unjust act, and in response, they organized a protest march

to the town of Jaito. The British responded with violence and arrests, but the Sikhs

persisted in their peaceful protests. The Jaito Morcha lasted until 1925 when the

British agreed to some of the demands of the Sikhs.

Role of the Akali Dal

The Akali Dal played a pivotal role in the Gurudwara Reform Movement. Formed in 1920,

the Akali Dal was initially a religious organization that later took on a political character. It

was committed to freeing gurdwaras from the control of corrupt mahants and restoring the

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religious purity of Sikh institutions. The Akalis led peaceful protests and morchas (protest

marches) to reclaim gurdwaras, often facing brutal repression by the British police.

The Akali Dal also worked closely with the SGPC to coordinate the movement. Together,

they organized mass protests, raised awareness among the Sikh community, and put

pressure on the British administration to grant control of gurdwaras to the Sikhs. The role of

the Akali Dal was instrumental in making the Gurudwara Reform Movement successful.

Government Response and Legislation

The British government initially responded to the movement with repression. Protestors

were beaten, jailed, and even killed in several instances. However, the peaceful and

determined nature of the movement, combined with international pressure, forced the

British to reconsider their stance.

In 1925, the British government passed the Sikh Gurdwaras Act, which granted Sikhs the

right to manage their own gurdwaras through elected representatives. The Act established

the SGPC as the official body responsible for managing Sikh religious sites in Punjab. This

legislation marked the formal victory of the Gurudwara Reform Movement.

Impact of the Gurudwara Reform Movement

The success of the Gurudwara Reform Movement had several lasting impacts on the Sikh

community and Indian society as a whole:

1. Restoration of Religious Sanctity: The movement successfully restored the sanctity

of Sikh gurdwaras by removing corrupt mahants and placing gurdwaras under the

control of the SGPC, an elected body of Sikhs.

2. Political Awakening: The movement played a key role in awakening the political

consciousness of the Sikh community. It helped Sikhs organize themselves and laid

the groundwork for their involvement in the larger Indian freedom struggle.

3. Non-Violent Protest: The movement was a powerful example of non-violent

resistance. Despite facing brutal repression, the Sikhs remained committed to

peaceful protests, inspiring other movements in India’s fight for independence.

4. Strengthening Sikh Identity: The movement reinforced the religious and cultural

identity of the Sikhs. It encouraged them to reconnect with their religious traditions

and values, and it strengthened their sense of community and solidarity.

Conclusion

The Gurudwara Reform Movement was a turning point in Sikh history. It was not only a

struggle to reclaim religious sites but also a broader effort to restore Sikh identity and

dignity. The movement united Sikhs in their fight against corruption, British interference,

and the loss of religious values, leading to significant changes in how Sikh gurdwaras were

managed. The success of this movement was a triumph for both religious and political

rights, and it played an essential role in the eventual independence of India.

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By placing gurdwaras in the hands of elected Sikh representatives, the movement

empowered the Sikh community to take control of their religious affairs and contributed to

the wider Indian struggle for self-determination.

8. Discuss the Non-cooperation and Quit India Movement.

Ans: The Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922) and the Quit India Movement (1942)

were two of the most significant mass movements in India's struggle for independence from

British rule. Both movements, initiated by Mahatma Gandhi, involved the active

participation of people across the country, including Punjab, where these movements

contributed to the rise of nationalism. Here's a simplified explanation of these movements,

focusing on their causes, actions, and outcomes, with special reference to Punjab.

Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922)

Background and Causes

The Non-Cooperation Movement was launched by Mahatma Gandhi in 1920 in response to

two main events:

1. The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (1919): On April 13, 1919, British troops under

General Dyer fired upon a peaceful gathering in Amritsar, Punjab, killing hundreds of

people. This act of brutality shook the nation and angered people across India.

2. Rowlatt Act (1919): This law allowed the British government to imprison anyone

suspected of anti-government activities without trial. It was highly repressive and

caused widespread unrest in India.

These events intensified the desire for self-rule or Swaraj (self-governance) and united

people against the British government.

Objectives

The Non-Cooperation Movement aimed at:

• Boycotting British goods and services: Indians were urged to stop buying British-

made products and avoid government services, including law courts and educational

institutions.

• Boycott of elections: The movement called for boycotting elections for legislative

bodies under the British government.

• Promotion of Khadi and Indian goods: Gandhi promoted Khadi, an Indian-made

fabric, to encourage self-reliance and reduce dependence on British industries.

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Methods and Strategies

The movement was largely non-violent and based on the principle of non-cooperation.

People were encouraged to:

• Boycott British institutions such as schools, colleges, courts, and legislative bodies.

• Resign from government jobs and refuse to serve the British administration.

• Refuse to pay taxes in some areas.

• Boycott foreign goods and support Indian handicrafts, especially Khadi.

Role of Punjab

Punjab, having faced the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, played an important role in the Non-

Cooperation Movement. Leaders like Lala Lajpat Rai strongly supported the movement, and

the people of Punjab actively participated by boycotting British goods and refusing to

cooperate with the colonial government. Many Punjabi students left British-run educational

institutions and joined nationalist movements. The movement also sparked greater

participation of peasants and workers in the nationalist struggle.

Outcomes and End of the Movement

The Non-Cooperation Movement had a significant impact, as:

• British goods were boycotted and Indian-made goods, especially Khadi, gained

popularity.

• Students and professionals left government-run schools, colleges, and jobs to join

the nationalist movement.

• National consciousness increased, and Indians began to believe in the possibility of

self-rule.

However, the movement was abruptly called off by Gandhi in February 1922, after the

Chauri Chaura incident, where a violent mob set fire to a police station, killing 22 policemen.

Gandhi believed the movement was turning violent, which was against his principle of

ahimsa (non-violence). Although the movement did not achieve immediate political goals, it

was successful in mobilizing the masses and uniting them against British rule.

Quit India Movement (1942)

Background and Causes

The Quit India Movement was launched on August 8, 1942, during World War II. The British

were deeply involved in the war, and India's resources and people were being used to

support the British war effort without consulting Indian leaders. The main causes of the

movement were:

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• Frustration with British policies during World War II: The British dragged India into

the war without consulting Indian leaders, which angered many, especially the

Indian National Congress.

• Cripps Mission failure (1942): The British government sent Sir Stafford Cripps to

negotiate with Indian leaders, promising them Dominion Status (semi-independence)

after the war. However, the proposal was rejected by Indian leaders as it did not

grant immediate independence.

• Growing impatience among Indians: After years of demanding self-rule, Indian

leaders and the masses were frustrated by the British government's reluctance to

grant independence.

Objectives

The Quit India Movement, led by Mahatma Gandhi, aimed to:

• End British rule in India immediately.

• Demand the complete withdrawal of the British from India.

• Make India free and independent as soon as possible.

Methods and Strategies

The movement was different from the Non-Cooperation Movement in several ways:

• Gandhi gave the slogan "Do or Die", urging Indians to fight for independence with all

their might, but without resorting to violence.

• The movement was supposed to be non-violent, but widespread protests and strikes

erupted across the country.

• Massive civil disobedience occurred, with people refusing to work for the British,

participating in strikes, and disrupting government services.

Role of Punjab

Punjab played a significant role in the Quit India Movement, even though it was less active

compared to other regions like Bengal and Bombay. The British government had a strong

military presence in Punjab, which made it difficult for the movement to spread extensively.

However, several leaders and activists from Punjab participated in the protests, and many

were arrested. People showed their support for the movement by organizing strikes and

boycotting British institutions.

British Response

The British government responded with brutal repression. Thousands of Indians were

arrested, including major leaders like Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Sardar Patel. The

British used force to suppress the movement, with many protestors being killed or injured.

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Outcomes and Legacy

While the Quit India Movement did not achieve immediate independence, it was a crucial

turning point in the Indian independence struggle:

• It demonstrated that the British could no longer rely on Indian cooperation during

the war.

• The Indian economy was severely affected as the movement disrupted government

functions and industries.

• Mass arrests and brutal repression by the British further fueled the desire for

independence.

• The movement made it clear to the British that they could not continue to rule India

without facing massive resistance.

• The Quit India Movement marked the final major mass movement against British

rule before independence was achieved in 1947.

Conclusion

Both the Non-Cooperation and Quit India Movements played pivotal roles in India's freedom

struggle. While the Non-Cooperation Movement united people across India and brought

them together in a mass protest against British rule, the Quit India Movement signaled the

beginning of the end of British rule in India. The people of Punjab, having suffered under

British oppression, actively participated in both movements, contributing to the larger

national struggle for independence.

These movements also highlighted the power of mass movements and non-violent

resistance, principles that Gandhi championed throughout his leadership. Though the British

used force to suppress these movements, they ultimately weakened the colonial hold on

India, paving the way for independence in 1947.

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